Photo: What Did John Glenn See From Orbit?
Fifty years ago, on February 20, 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. He also was one of the first humans to study the planet from space.
Just 5 minutes and 44 seconds after launch, Glenn offered his first words about the view from his porthole: “This is Friendship 7. Can see clear back; a big cloud pattern way back across towards the Cape. Beautiful sight.”
Three hours later, at the beginning of his third orbit, Glenn photographed this panoramic view of Florida from the Georgia border (right, under clouds) to just north of Cape Canaveral. His American homeland was 162 miles (260 kilometers) below. “I have the Cape in sight down there,” he noted to mission controllers. “It looks real fine from up here. I can see the whole state of Florida just laid out like on a map. Beautiful.”
Glenn rocketed into space atop an Atlas rocket in a spacecraft dubbed Friendship 7. He reached a speed of 17,500 miles per hour as he made three orbits and traveled 75,679 miles in just under five hours. Along the way, he saw a dust storm and fires in Africa. He observed the glow of moonlight on the cloud tops and the ocean. He saw the wake of a ship and the different colored waters of the Gulf Stream. He saw a “brilliant blue band” on the horizon–the thin, fragile atmosphere of Earth. In his official report written after the mission, he offered some highlights:
It was surprising how much of the earth’s surface was covered by clouds…The different types of clouds–vertical developments, stratus clouds, and cumulus clouds–are readily distinguished…Only a few land areas were visible during the flight because of the cloud cover…
As I came across the United States, I could see New Orleans, Charleston, and Savannah very clearly. I could also see rivers and lakes. I think the best view I had of any land area during the flight was the clear desert region around El Paso on the second pass across the United States. I could see the colors of the desert and the irrigated area north of El Paso.
Just off the east coast of Africa were two large storm areas. Weather Bureau scientists had wondered whether lightning could be seen on the night side, and it certainly can…Lightning could be seen flashing back and forth between the clouds, but most prominent were lightning flashes within thunderheads, illuminating them like light bulbs.
After splashing back down in the Atlantic Ocean near Grand Turk Island, Glenn described his flight with understated eloquence: “It was quite a day. I’m not sure what you can say about a day in which you see four beautiful sunsets in one day, but it’s pretty interesting.”
– NASA (1962) Results of the First United States Manned Orbital Space Flight. Accessed February 20, 2012.
– NASA (2012, February 16) Friendship 7: Celebrating 50 Years of American Spaceflight. Accessed February 19, 2012.
– NASA (2012, February 16) Researcher Recalls Glenn, Friendship 7. Accessed February 19, 2012.
– National Public Radio (2012, February 19) John Glenn, A Hero Well Before Orbiting Earth. Accessed February 19, 2012.
– Spacelog (n.d.) Mercury 6 Transcripts. Accessed February 20, 2012.
NASA Photograph by John Glenn. Caption by Michael Carlowicz.
