Status Report

NASA Spaceline Current Awareness 9 August 2013 (Recent Space Life Science Research Results)

By SpaceRef Editor
August 9, 2013
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NASA Spaceline Current Awareness 9 August 2013 (Recent Space Life Science Research Results)

Papers deriving from NASA support:

1

Lloyd SA, Loiselle AE, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ.

Connexin 43 deficiency desensitizes bone to the effects of mechanical unloading through modulation of both arms of bone remodeling.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891909

(PI: H.J. Donahue)

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge.

2

Hanson AM, Harrison BC, Young MH, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL.

Longitudinal characterization of functional, morphologic, and biochemical adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle with hindlimb suspension.

Muscle Nerve. 2013 Jul 24. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893872

3

Tseng BP, Lan ML, Tran KK, Acharya MM, Giedzinski E, Limoli CL.

Characterizing low dose and dose rate effects in rodent and human neural stem cells exposed to proton and gamma irradiation.

Redox Biol. 2013;1(1):153-62.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.008

(PIs: C.L. Limoli; G.A. Nelson/C.L. Limoli/NSCOR; B.P. Tseng, NSBRI Postdoctoral Fellowship Program)

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge.

4

Gridley DS, Mao XW, Cao JD, Bayeta EJ, Pecaut MJ.

Protracted low-dose radiation priming and response of liver to acute gamma and proton radiation.

Free Radic Res. 2013 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869974

(PI: D.S. Gridley)

5

Hu M, Serra-Hsu F, Bethel N, Lin L, Ferreri S, Cheng J, Qin YX.

Dynamic hydraulic fluid stimulation regulated intramedullary pressure.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23895997

(PI: Y.X. Qin)

6

Chakraborty S, Li L, Tang H, Xie Y, Puliyappadamba VT, Raisanen J, Burma S, Boothman DA, Cochran B, Wu J, Habib AA.

Cytoplasmic TRADD confers a worse prognosis in glioblastoma.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908590

(PI: S. Burma)

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge via PubMed Central or at the publisher’s site: http://www.neoplasia.com/abstract.php?msid=6325

7

Cohen HS, Mulavara AP, Peters BT, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Bloomberg JJ.

Standing balance tests for screening people with vestibular impairments.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23877965

(PI: A.P. Mulavara)

8

Erdeniz B, Rohe T, Done J, Seidler RD.

A simple solution for model comparison in bold imaging: The special case of reward prediction error and reward outcomes.

Front Neurosci. 2013 Jul 19;7:116.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23882174

(PI: R.D. Seidler)

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge.

9

Chang AM, Scheer FA, Czeisler CA, Aeschbach D.

Direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans depend on prior light history.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23904684

(PI: C.A. Czeisler)

10

Goel N, Basner M, Rao H, Dinges DF.

Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance.

Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2013;119:155-90.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23899598

(PIs: M. Basner, D.F. Dinges)

NOTE: This extensive review is a chapter in the volume: “Chronobiology: Biological Timing in Health and Disease.”

11

Chen Y, Brandizzi F.

IRE1: ER stress sensor and cell fate executor.

Trends Cell Biol. 2013 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880584

(PI: F. Brandizzi)

12

Kiss JZ.

Plant biology in reduced gravity on the Moon and Mars.

Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2013 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23889757

(PI: J.Z. Kiss)

Other papers of interest:

1

Versari S, Longinotti G, Barenghi L, Maier JA, Bradamante S.

The challenging environment on board the International Space Station affects endothelial cell function by triggering oxidative stress through thioredoxin interacting protein overexpression: The ESA-SPHINX experiment.

FASEB J. 2013 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23913861

NOTE: ISS results.

2

Coker RH, Hays NP, Williams RH, Xu L, Wolfe RR, Evans WJ.

Bed rest worsens impairments in fat and glucose metabolism in older, overweight adults.

J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902932

NOTE: Bed rest study.

3

Gainutdinov KhL, Andrianov VV, Iyudin VS, Yurtaeva SV, Jafarova GG, Faisullina RI, Sitdikov FG.

EPR study of nitric oxide production in rat tissues under hypokinesia.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0006350913020073

NOTE: Hypokinesia consisted of keeping rats in a small box of gradually increasing duration. From Results and Discussion: “It should be admitted that the model used here does not allow explicitly distinguishing the NO-related effects of hypokinesia proper and those of the attending immobilization stress (though the latter was unlikely to be dramatic in gradual adaptation at young age).” (There is a voluminous literature reporting on immobilization stress in rodents for testing pharmaceuticals and depression.) This paper is a translation in English of the Russian original published in Biofizika. 2013 Mar-Apr;58(2):276-80:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755554

4

Komissarova SV, Dubrovin IP, Turygina SA, Paltsyn AA, Baranov VM, Kubatiev AA.

[The regeneratory potential of platelet in local brain inflammation under microgravity]

Arkh Patol. 2012 Nov-Dec;74(6):13-8. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23383438

NOTE: The microgravity referred to in the title and abstract appears to be antiorthostatic hypokinesia/hindlimb suspension of rats.

5

Averina OV, Alekseeva MG, Abilev SK, Ilyin VK, Danilenko VN.

Distribution of genes of toxin-antitoxin systems of mazEF and relBE families in bifidobacteria from human intestinal microbiota.

Russ J Genet 2013 Mar;49(3):275-85.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1022795413030022

NOTE: The article includes results of bacterial species isolated from Russian cosmonauts; flight(s) and flight duration(s) unspecified. This is an English translation of the Russian original published in Genetika. 2013 Mar;49(3):315-27: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755531

6

Hemelryck W, Germonpré P, Papadopoulou V, Rozloznik M, Balestra C.

Long term effects of recreational SCUBA diving on higher cognitive function.

Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902533

7

Robbins SE.

A common cause of irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulitis: Chronic distal colon distention from sedentary behavior and excessive dietary fiber.

Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jul;7(5):413-9.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23899281

NOTE: From abstract: “Amplified intestinal distention commenced when all classes of Renaissance Europeans became the first group in human history to wear shoes, which led to a sedentary lifestyle that moderates gravitational aid to colon motility and evacuation.”

8

Koriak IuA.

[Influence of physical training under conditions of 120-day simulated microgravity on contractile properties and musculo-tendinous stiffness of the triceps surae muscle]

Fiziol Zh. 2013;59(2):71-84. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828973

NOTE: Bed rest study.

9

Murton AJ, Greenhaff PL.

Resistance exercise and the mechanisms of muscle mass regulation in humans: Acute effects on muscle protein turnover and the gaps in our understanding of chronic resistance exercise training adaptation.

Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23872221

NOTE: This article will be part of a Directed Issue on the topic of muscle wasting.

10

Lochyński D, Bączyk M, Kaczmarek D, Rędowicz MJ, Celichowski J, Krutki P.

Adaptations in physiological properties of rat motor units following 5 weeks of whole-body vibration.

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013 Sep;38(9):913-21. Epub 2013 Mar 26.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905655

11

Gram M, Dahl R, Dela F.

Physical inactivity and muscle oxidative capacity in humans.

Eur J Sport Sci. 2013 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23906003

12

Velders M, Diel P.

How sex hormones promote skeletal muscle regeneration.

Sports Med. 2013 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888432

13

Crystal NJ, Townson DH, Cook SB, LaRoche DP.

Effect of cryotherapy on muscle recovery and inflammation following a bout of damaging exercise.

Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23873339

14

Hu B, Dobson JP, El Haj AJ.

Control of smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) up-regulation in hBMSCs using remote magnetic particle mechano-activation.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871760

15

Leucht P, Temiyasathit S, Russell A, Arguello JF, Jacobs CR, Helms JA, Castillo AB.

CXCR4 antagonism attenuates load-induced periosteal bone formation in mice.

J Orthop Res. 2013 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23881789

16

O’Conor CJ, Case N, Guilak F.

Mechanical regulation of chondrogenesis.

Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013 Jul 1;4:61. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23809493

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge via PubMed Central.

17

Vaughan TJ, Verbruggen SW, McNamara LM.

Are all osteocytes equal? Multiscale modelling of cortical bone to characterise the mechanical stimulation of osteocytes.

Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. 2013 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23897701

18

Canalis E, Adams DJ, Boskey A, Parker K, Kranz L, Zanotti S.

Notch signaling in osteocytes differentially regulates cancellous and cortical bone remodeling.

J Biol Chem. 2013 Jul 24. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23884415

NOTE: This article may temporarily be obtained online without charge.

19

Li X, Liu C, Li P, Li S, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Huo B, Zhang D.

Connexin 43 is a potential regulator in fluid shear stress-induced signal transduction in osteocytes.

J Orthop Res. 2013 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23878018

20

Uzer G, Pongkitwitoon S, Ete Chan M, Judex S.

Vibration induced osteogenic commitment of mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced by cytoskeletal remodeling but not fluid shear.

J Biomech. 2013 Jul 17. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23870506

21

Autsavapromporn N, Suzuki M, Plante I, Liu C, Uchihori Y, Hei TK, Azzam EI, Murakami T.

Participation of gap junction communication in potentially lethal damage repair and DNA damage in human fibroblasts exposed to low- or high-LET radiation.

Mutat Res. 2013 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867854

22

Li H, Zhang H, Xie Y, He Y, Miao G, Yang L, Di C, He Y.

Proteomic analysis for testis of mice exposed to carbon ion radiation.

Mutat Res. 2013 Aug 15;755(2):148-55. Epub 2013 Jul 1.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827780

23

Tinganelli W, Ma NY, Von Neubeck C, Maier A, Schicker C, Kraft-Weyrather W, Durante M.

Influence of acute hypoxia and radiation quality on cell survival.

J Radiat Res. 2013 Jul;54 Suppl 1:i23-30.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23824123

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge.

24

Kim D, Marchetti F, Chen Z, Zaric S, Wilson RJ, Hall DA, Gaster RS, Lee JR, Wang J, Osterfeld SJ, Yu H, White RM, Blakely WF, Peterson LE, Bhatnagar S, Mannion B, Tseng S, Roth K, Coleman M, Snijders AM, Wyrobek AJ, Wang SX.

Nanosensor dosimetry of mouse blood proteins after exposure to ionizing radiation.

Sci Rep. 2013 Jul 19;3:2234.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868657

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge.

25

Little MP.

A review of non-cancer effects, especially circulatory and ocular diseases.

Radiat Environ Biophys. 2013 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23903347

26

Brabcová KP, Ambrožová I, Kolísková Z, Malušek A.

Uncertainties in linear energy transfer spectra measured with track-etched detectors in space.

Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2013 Jun 11;713:5-10.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.03.012

NOTE: ISS results.

27

Abe C, Ueta Y, Morita H.

Exposure to hypergravity during the preweaning but not postweaning period reduces vestibular-related stress responses in rats.

J Appl Physiol. 2013 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908316

28

Sarwary AM, Selen LP, Medendorp WP.

Vestibular benefits to task savings in motor adaptation.

J Neurophysiol. 2013 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785131

29

Rossi S, Gazzellini S, Petrarca M, Patanè F, Salfa I, Castelli E, Cappa P.

Compensation to whole body active rotation perturbation.

Gait Posture. 2013 Jul 17. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871422

30

Ni J, Tatalovic M, Straumann D, Olasagasti I.

Gaze direction affects linear self-motion heading discrimination in humans.

Eur J Neurosci. 2013 Jul 30. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23899270

31

Jansen K, De Groote F, Duysens J, Jonkers I.

How gravity and muscle action control mediolateral center of mass excursion during slow walking: A simulation study.

Gait Posture. 2013 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23816462

32

Plant KL, Stanton NA.

What is on your mind? Using the perceptual cycle model and critical decision method to understand the decision-making process in the cockpit.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23800131

33

Cajochen C, Altanay-Ekici S, Münch M, Frey S, Knoblauch V, Wirz-Justice A.

Evidence that the lunar cycle influences human sleep.

Curr Biol. 2013 Aug 5;23(15):1485-8.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891110

34

Baird JK, McFeeters RL.

Effects of hydrodynamic convection and interionic electrostatic forces on protein crystallization.

Cryst Growth Des. 2013 May 1:13(5):1889-98. Epub 2013 Mar 18.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg3015833

NOTE: From abstract: “By taking into account hydrodynamic convection in a growth solution in a gravitational field, we construct a figure of merit, M, that when evaluated using terrestrial measurements, can be used to discriminate between proteins that should benefit from crystallization in microgravity and those that should receive no benefit.”

35

Martinac B.

The ion channels to cytoskeleton connection as potential mechanism of mechanosensitivity.

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23886913

36

Heckman CA, Plummer HK 3rd.

Filopodia as sensors.

Cell Signal. 2013 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23876793

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge.

37

Cairns LS, Marlow VL, Bissett E, Ostrowski A, Stanley-Wall NR.

A mechanical signal transmitted by the flagellum controls signalling in Bacillus subtilis.

Mol Microbiol. 2013 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888912

38

Lele PP, Hosu BG, Berg HC.

Dynamics of mechanosensing in the bacterial flagellar motor.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jul 16;110(29):11839-44. Epub 2013 Jul 1.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23818629

39

Holle AW, Tang X, Vijayraghavan D, Vincent LG, Fuhrmann A, Choi YS, del Álamo JC, Engler AJ.

In situ mechanotransduction via vinculin regulates stem cell differentiation.

Stem Cells. 2013 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23897765

40

Hausmann N, Fengler S, Hennig A, Franz-Wachtel M, Hampp R, Neef M.

Cytosolic calcium, hydrogen peroxide and related gene expression and protein modulation in Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures respond immediately to altered gravitation: Parabolic flight data.

Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2013 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23870071

NOTE: Parabolic flight results. This article, the following three articles, and the last article in the NASA section, plus several articles that appeared in earlier lists, will likely appear in a future issue or section on microgravity.

41

Scherer GF, Quader H.

Increased endocytosis of fluorescent phospholipid in tobacco pollen in microgravity and inhibition by verapamil.

Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2013 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23890120

NOTE: Sounding rocket (TEXUS 41) results.

42

Nasir A, Strauch SM, Becker I, Sperling A, Schuster M, Richter PR, Weißkopf M, Ntefidou M, Daiker V, An YA, Li XY, Liu YD, Lebert M.

The influence of microgravity on Euglena gracilis as studied on Shenzhou 8.

Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2013 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12067

NOTE: Shenzhou 8 results.

43

Paradiso R, De Micco V, Buonomo R, Aronne G, Barbieri G, De Pascale S.

Soilless cultivation of soybean for Bioregenerative Life-Support Systems: A literature review and the experience of the MELiSSA Project – Food characterisation Phase I.

Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2013 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23889907

44

Pozhvanov GA, Suslov DV, Medvedev SS.

Actin cytoskeleton rearrangements during the gravitropic response of Arabidopsis roots.

Cell Tissue Biol. 2013 Mar;7(2):185-91.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X13020120

NOTE: This paper is a translation in English of the Russian original published in Tsitologiia. 2013;55(1):28-35: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23662576

45

Roychoudhry S, Del Bianco M, Kieffer M, Kepinski S.

Auxin controls gravitropic setpoint angle in higher plant lateral branches.

Curr Biol. 2013 Aug 5;23(15):1497-504.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23891109

NOTE: This article may be obtained online without charge.

46

Song BS, Han IJ, Kim JH, Kim JK, Park JH, Choi JI, Lee JW, Alexander A, Agaptseva T, Mark B.

Shelf life testing of Korean space foods.

Italian J Food Sci. 2012 Oct;24(4):165-9.

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/84445134/shelf-life-testing-korean-space-foods

47

Ushakov IB.

[Experimental and theoretical investigations]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):3-4. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700610

NOTE: This issue, consisting of this article and the following 10 articles (primarily review articles), commemorates 50 years of the Institute of Medical-Biological Problems in Moscow.

48

Bogomolov VV, Egorov AD.

[Enhancement of the medical care system for crews on space missions]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):5-12. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700611

NOTE: Discusses Russian medical support system for ISS.

49

Kozlovskaya IB, Yarmanova EN, Fomina EV.

[Russian system of countermeasures: The present and future]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):13-20. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700612

NOTE: Discusses Russian countermeasures used on space stations including ISS.

50

Larina IM, Nichiporuk IA, Veselova OM, Vasilieva GY, Popova IA.

[Shifts in metabolism and its regulation under the effect of spaceflight factors]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):21-30. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700613

51

Noskov VB.

[Water-salt metabolism in space flights]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):31-7. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700614

52

Kotovskaya AR, Fomina GA.

[Human venous hemodynamics in microgravity and prediction of orthostatic tolerance in flight]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):37-42. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700615

NOTE: Reports results of research on ISS.

53

Sychev VN.

[Space experiments on the development of biological systems for the human life]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):43-6. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700616

NOTE: Summarizes plant experiments on Mir and ISS.

54

Ilyin EA.

[Biological experiments in flights of unmanned space craft Foton-M2 and Foton-M3]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):47-54. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700617

NOTE: Summarizes results of research on Foton flights.

55

Potapov AN, Sinyak YE, Petrov VM.

[Issues of biomedical support of explorations missions]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):55-60. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700618

56

Ushakov IB, Tsetlin VV, Moisa SS.

[Radiation situation prognosis for deep space: Reactions of water and living systems to chronic low-dose ionizing irradiation]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):61-8. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700619

57

Buravkova LB, Grigorieva OV, Konstantinova NA, Guershovich YuG, Guershovich PM.

[Cell-to-cell interactions in microgravity: Experiments in vitro]

Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;47(1):68-72. Russian.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700620

SpaceRef staff editor.