NASA Hubble Space Telescope Daily Report #4117

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE – Continuing to collect World Class Science

DAILY REPORT # 4117

PERIOD COVERED: UT May 18, 2006 (DOY 138)

OBSERVATIONS SCHEDULED

ACS/HRC 10544

Resovled Images of LMC Microlensing Events Observed by a Telescope at 2 AU from Earth

The identity of the lens objects for most of the LMC microlensing events seen by the MACHO Project is unknown. The most popular explanations include a previously unknown population of old, cool white dwarfs in the Galactic halo or in a very thick disk, or a variation standard LMC models that would allow most events to be caused by faint LMC stars. This uncertainty exists because it is usually impossible to determine the lens distance from the observable features of a microlensing event. Distance estimates can be obtained by measuring the microlensing parallax effect with simultaneous observations of the events from Earth and from a small {~30cm} telescope located 1-2 AU from the Earth. Such a telescope has just been launched: the High Resolution Instrument on the flyby spacecraft of the Deep Impact {DI} Mission. This telescope has been placed in an ideal orbit for LMC microlensing parallax measurements, and the telescope will be at a distance of >1 AU from Earth when the DI prime mission ends this August. Our group plans to take advantage of this fortuitous circumstance and propose a “new science” extended mission for the DI flyby spacecraft to resolve the LMC microlensing puzzle with microlensing parallax observaions. This project is compatible with the DI Science Teams extended mission plans to visit a 2nd comet, and our extended mission proposal to NASA will be written in collaboration with the Deep Impact Science team. A crucial feature of these proposed microlensing parallax measurements is the determination of the absolute brightness of the source stars, which can only be resolved with HST images. The source star brightness must be measured over the entire sensitivity range of the Deep Impact High Resolution Instrument clear filter: 300-1000nm. We therefore request UBVriz HST images to resolve the blending of the microlensed LMC source stars observed by the Deep Impact 30cm telescope.

ACS/HRC 10556

Neutral Gas at Redshift z=0.5

Damped Lyman-alpha systems {DLAs} are used to track the bulk of the neutral hydrogen gas in the Universe. Prior to HST UV spectroscopy, they could only be studied from the ground at redshifts z>1.65. However, HST has now permitted us to discover 41 DLAs at z<1.65 in our previous surveys. Followup studies of these systems are providing a wealth of information about the evolution of the neutral gas phase component of the Universe. But one problem is that these 41 low-redshift systems are spread over a wide range of redshifts spanning nearly 70% of the age of the Universe. Consequently, past surveys for low-redshift DLAs have not been able to offer very good precision in any small redshift regime. Here we propose an ACS-HRC- PR200L spectroscopic survey in the redshift interval z=[0.37, 0.7] which we estimate will permit us to discover another 41 DLAs. This will not only allow us to double the number of low-redshift DLAs, but it will also provide a relatively high-precision regime in the low-redshift Universe that can be used to anchor evolutionary studies. Fortunately DLAs have high absorption equivalent width, so ACS-HRC-PR200L has high-enough resoultion to perform this proposed MgII-selected DLA survey.

ACS/HRC 10559

Astrometric monitoring of binary L and T dwarfs

We propose to obtain high angular resolution ACS images of five binary L and T dwarfs in order to determine their orbital parameters and dynamical masses, and directly constrain the evolutionary models of ultracool and substellar objects. The binaries have estimated periods ranging between 5 and 14 years. All of them have already been resolved at least twice {sometimes more} using HST, providing first and second epochs measurements. We propose to obtain two more ACS imaging observations separated by 9 to 12 months during cycle 14. The expected period coverage should therefore range between 35% and 117%, allowing us to compute precise orbital parameters and masses. Our sample is large enough and covers a sufficiently wide range of spectral types {from L3 to T5.5} to allow us to obtain strong constraints the evolutionnary models.

ACS/WFC 10533

The IMF in NGC6611: the environmental influence on the formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs

We propose to use HST with ACS and NICMOS to survey the central area of the young {2 Myr} cluster NGC6611 in the Eagle Nebula, with the goal of constructing the low-mass and substellar Initial Mass Function {IMF}. We plan to obtain deep images in I {F775W} and Z {F850LP} with ACS/WFC, and deep images in J {F110W} and H {F160W} for 25 NICMOS/NIC2 fields within the 202″ x 202″ ACS/WFC field. Using a proven technique based on the use of IZJH color-magnitude and color-color diagrams to identify and determine the masses of the low-mass pre-main sequence cluster members, we are thus able to construct the IMF down to masses of 0.02-0.03 Msun. With an intense ionizing radiation field but a relatively low density, NGC6611 provides a unique laboratory in which to test the importance of photoevaporation and density on the formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs, through comparison with the IMFs determined for the different environments in the Orion Nebular Cluster, Taurus and IC348. This will not only offer substantial new insight into the physics of star formation, but also have important ramifications for estimating the global star formation rates at high redshift, the efficiency of galactic chemical evolution and the contribution of sub-stellar mass objects to the baryonic dark matter content of the Universe.

ACS/WFC 10587

Measuring the Mass Dependence of Early-Type Galaxy Structure

We propose two-color ACS-WFC Snapshot observations of a sample of 118 candidate early- type gravitational lens galaxies. Our lens-candidate sample is selected to yield {in combination with earlier results} an approximately uniform final distribution of 40 early-type strong lenses across a wide range of masses, with velocity dispersions {a dynamical proxy for mass} ranging from 125 to 300 km/s. The proposed program will deliver the first significant sample of low-mass gravitational lenses. All of our candidates have known lens and source redshifts from Sloan Digital Sky Survey data, and all are bright enough to permit detailed photometric and stellar- dynamical observation. We will constrain the luminous and dark-matter mass profiles of confirmed lenses using lensed-image geometry and lens-galaxy structural/photometric measurements from HST imaging in combination with dynamical measurements from spatially resolved ground-based follow-up spectroscopy. Hence we will determine, in unprecedented detail, the dependence of early-type galaxy mass structure and mass-to-light ratio upon galaxy mass. These results will allow us to directly test theoretical predictions for halo concentration and star-formation efficiency as a function of mass and for the existence of a cuspy inner dark- matter component, and will illuminate the structural explanation behind the fundamental plane of early-type galaxies. The lens-candidate selection and confirmation strategy that we propose has been proven successful for high-mass galaxies by our Cycle 13 Snapshot program {10174}. The program that we propose here will produce a complementary and unprecedented lens sample spanning a wide range of lens-galaxy masses.

ACS/WFC/HRC 10536

What Are Stalled Preplanetary Nebulae? An ACS SNAPshot Survey

Essentially all planetary nebulae {PNs} are aspherical, whereas the mass-loss envelopes of AGB stars are strikingly spherical. Our previous SNAPshot surveys of a morphologically unbiased sample of pre-planetary nebulae {PPNs} — objects in transition between the AGB and PN evolutionary phases — show that roughly half our observed targets are resolved, with bipolar or multipolar morphologies. Spectroscopic observations of our sample confirm that these objects have not yet evolved into planetary nebulae. Thus, the transformation from spherical to aspherical geometries has already fully developed by the time these dying stars have become PPNs. Although our current studies have yielded exciting results, they are limited in two important ways — {1} the number of well-resolved objects is still small {18}, and the variety of morphologies observed relatively multitudinous, hence no clear trends can yet be established between morphology and other source properties {e.g., near-IR, far-IR colors, stellar spectral type, envelope mass}, and {2} the current samples are strongly biased towards small PPNs, as inferred from their low 60-to-25 micron flux ratios [R{60/25}<1]. However, the prototype of objects with R{60/25}>1, the Frosty Leo Nebula, has a puzzlingly large post-AGB age {almost 10^4 yr} and a fairly cool central star, very different from the expectations of single-star stellar evolutionary models. A proposed, but still speculative, hypothesis for such objects is that the slow evolution of the central star is due to backflow of material onto the mass-losing star, retarding its evolution towards the PN phase. This hypothesis has significant consequences for both stellar and nebular evolution. We therefore propose a survey of PPNs with R{60/25}>1 which is heavily weighted towards the discovery of such “stalled PPNs”. Supporting kinematic observations using long-slit optical spectroscopy {with the Keck}, millimeter and radio interferometric observations {with OVRO, VLA & VLBA} are being undertaken. The results from this survey {together with our previous work} will allow us to draw general conclusions about the complex mass-outflow processes affecting late stellar evolution, and will provide crucial input for theories of post-AGB stellar evolution. Our survey will produce an archival legacy of long-standing value for future studies of dying stars.

NIC1/NIC2/NIC3 8793

NICMOS Post-SAA calibration – CR Persistence Part 4

A new procedure proposed to alleviate the CR-persistence problem of NICMOS. Dark frames will be obtained immediately upon exiting the SAA contour 23, and every time a NICMOS exposure is scheduled within 50 minutes of coming out of the SAA. The darks will be obtained in parallel in all three NICMOS Cameras. The POST-SAA darks will be non-standard reference files available to users with a USEAFTER date/time mark. The keyword ‘USEAFTER=date/time’ will also be added to the header of each POST-SAA DARK frame. The keyword must be populated with the time, in addition to the date, because HST crosses the SAA ~8 times per day so each POST-SAA DARK will need to have the appropriate time specified, for users to identify the ones they need. Both the raw and processed images will be archived as POST-SAA DARKSs. Generally we expect that all NICMOS science/calibration observations started within 50 minutes of leaving an SAA will need such maps to remove the CR persistence from the science images. Each observation will need its own CRMAP, as different SAA passages leave different imprints on the NICMOS detectors.

NIC3/ACS/WFC 10504

Characterizing the Sources Responsible for Cosmic Reionization

Our group has demonstrated the role that massive clusters, acting as powerful cosmic lenses, can play in constraining the abundance and properties of low-luminosity star-forming sources beyond z~6; such sources are thought to be responsible for ending cosmic reionization. The large magnification possible in the critical regions of well-constrained clusters brings sources into view that lie at or beyond the limits of conventional exposures such as the UDF, as well as those in imaging surveys being undertaken with IRAC onboard Spitzer. We have shown that the combination of HST and Spitzer is particularly effective in delivering the physical properties of these distant sources, constraining their mass, age and past star formation history. Indirectly, we therefore gain a valuable glimpse to yet earlier epochs. Recognizing the result {and limitations} of the UDF exposure, we propose a systematic search through 6 lensing clusters with ACS and NICMOS for further z~6-7 sources in conjunction with existing deep IRAC data. Our survey will mitigate cosmic variance and extend the search both to lower luminosities and, by virtue of the NICMOS/IRAC combination, to higher redshift. The goal is to count and characterize representative sources at z~6-10 and to delineate the redshift range of activity for the planning of future observations.

FLIGHT OPERATIONS SUMMARY:

Significant Spacecraft Anomalies: (The following are preliminary reports of potential non-nominal performance that will be investigated.)

HSTARS: (None)

COMPLETED OPS REQUEST: (None)

COMPLETED OPS NOTES: (None)

                        SCHEDULED      SUCCESSFUL
FGS GSacq              07                     07
FGS REacq              08                     08
OBAD with Maneuver 30                     30

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS: (None)