Fred Whipple, World-renowned Harvard and Smithsonian Astronomer, Dies

Dr. Fred Lawrence Whipple, the oldest living American
astronomer and one of the last giants of 20th century astronomy, passed away
yesterday at the age of 97 following a prolonged illness. He was Phillips
Professor of Astronomy Emeritus at Harvard University and a Senior Physicist
at SAO.

“Fred Whipple was one of those rare individuals who affected our lives in
many ways. He predicted the coming age of satellites, he revolutionized the
study of comets and as Director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory, he helped form the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics,” says Charles Alcock, current Director of the
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA).

A discoverer of six comets, Whipple may be best known for his comet
research. Five decades ago, he first suggested that comets were “icy
conglomerates,” what the press called “dirty snowballs.” His dirty snowball
theory caught the imagination of the public even as it revolutionized comet
science.

Whipple’s change of concept from the generally accepted “flying sandbank”
model was “one of the most important contributions to solar system studies
in the 20th century,” says Dr. Brian Marsden, director of the Minor Planet
Center located at SAO. “I think many people would agree that that was a
really shining moment in his scientific career.” A 2003 survey by The
Astrophysical Journal showed that Whipple’s 1950 and 1951 scientific papers
on the “icy conglomerate” model were the most cited papers in past 50 years.

Whipple’s comet work continued for a lifetime. In 1999, he was named to work
on NASA’s Contour mission, becoming the oldest researcher ever to accept
such a post.

Never one to limit his work to one area of research, Whipple also
contributed to more earthly challenges. During World War II, Whipple
co-invented a cutting device that converted lumps of tinfoil into thousands
of fragments known as chaff. Allied aircraft would release chaff to confuse
enemy radar. Whipple was particularly proud of this invention, for which
President Truman awarded him a Certificate of Merit in 1948.

Whipple also strongly influenced the early era of spaceflight. Mindful of
the damage to spacecraft from meteors, in 1946 he invented the Meteor
Bumper, a thin outer skin of metal. Also known as the Whipple Shield, this
mechanism explodes a meteor on contact, preventing the spacecraft from
receiving catastrophic damage. Improved versions of it are still in use
today.

Whipple and a handful of other scientists had the foresight to envision the
era of artificial satellites. Only Whipple had both the imagination and the
managerial skill to organize a worldwide network of amateur astronomers to
track these then hypothetical objects and to determine their orbits. When
Sputnik I was successfully launched on 4 October 1957, Whipple’s group was
the only one prepared. Cambridge fast became a nerve center of the earliest
part of the space age. Whipple and some of his staff were even featured on
the cover of Life magazine for their satellite tracking prowess.

Later, also under his leadership, SAO developed an optical tracking system
for satellites using a network of Baker-Nunn cameras. That network achieved
spectacular success. “It tracked satellites so well that astronomers were
able to determine the exact shape of the Earth from its gravitational
effects on satellite orbits,” says Dr. Myron Lecar of SAO.

For his work on the network, Whipple received from President John F. Kennedy
in 1963 the Distinguished Federal Civilian Service award. “I think that was
my most exciting moment, when I was able to invite my parents and my family
to the Rose Garden for the award ceremony,” Whipple said in a 2001
interview.

Born in Red Oak, Iowa, on November 5, 1906, Whipple studied at Occidental
College and earned his undergraduate degree in mathematics at the University
of California at Los Angeles, prior to moving to Berkeley to obtain his
Ph.D. degree in 1931. He then moved to Harvard College Observatory in
Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Whipple directed the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) from 1955
to 1973, before it joined with the Harvard College Observatory to form the
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA).

“Fred Whipple was a truly extraordinary person among extraordinary people.
He was gifted with great scientific imagination, superb analytical skills,
and excellent management acumen,” says Dr. Irwin Shapiro, who served as CfA
director from 1983 to 2004.

In the late 1960s, Whipple selected Mount Hopkins in southern Arizona as the
site for a new SAO astronomical facility. Whipple was part of the group that
initiated a novel and low-cost approach to building large telescopes first
realized in the construction of the Multiple Mirror Telescope, a joint
project of SAO and the University of Arizona. Mt. Hopkins Observatory was
renamed Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in 1981.

Dr. George Field, the first CfA director, says of Whipple, “He will be
remembered by a generation of scientists for his leadership and for his keen
insight. He was admired by his friends and colleagues for his integrity, and
for doggedly pursuing his research into his nineties.”

In 1946 Whipple married Babette F. Samelson, by whom he had two daughters,
Sandra and Laura. He also had a son, Earle Raymond, by his first marriage.

Headquartered in Cambridge, Mass., the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics (CfA) is a joint collaboration between the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. CfA
scientists, organized into six research divisions, study the origin,
evolution and ultimate fate of the universe.

Note to Editors: High-resolution photographs of Fred Whipple are online at:
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/press/pr0428image.html